Training Effectiveness (Human Resource Management) Essay

Training Effectiveness (Human Resource Management) - Essay Example The main question thus arises, how can one measure the effectiveness of training in organizations, yet training is an intangible and unquantifiable expense? One of the highly used methods is the visual confirmation. The visual confirmation aspect, hence considers various aspects that include the changes in behaviors, an increase in productivity and the overall level of expertise each of the people who have undergone training exhibit. This measure of training effectiveness is usually observed by the training manager or the HR head in charge of training. Another measure of training effectiveness is the aspect of social ownership. Social ownership is the ability of a trainee to disburse this knowledge to other people, acting as a trainer. Social ownership can be packaged an analysis of peer-to-peer teaching moments or commanded training by manager, whereby the trainee would have to share his or her learning from the training program (Eades, 2014). Even so, the most used and reliable method is skill assessment. After training has been conducted in the organization, a periodical monitoring and assessment of skills can be conducted to ensure that the training was effective in imparting such skills. Of all the mentioned methods, the most appropriate is the skills assessment module. Skill assessment is the preferable measure of training effectiveness that can be used in this organization. Primarily, one of the key reasons why skill assessment is the most appropriate, is the fact that a statistical quantification can be implemented. By assessing the skills, a manager can understand the effectiveness of the training. As such, it is arguable that skill assessment is one of the best approaches of measuring training effectiveness in any given

The Talent of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Shakespeare Othel

The Talent of Iago in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   William Shakespeare's Othello is a tragic drama that shows the overwhelming power of deception and the damage it can lead to.   Othello's right-hand man is Iago; on the surface a die-hard friend and confidant, in reality comparable to the devil himself.   Iago uses other characters as though they were his puppets, planting lies and watching the sorrowful fruit born.   Iago deceives virtuous, yet weaker men (such as Cassio and Roderigo) with ease, but feels greatly threatened by the most powerful, virtuous general in the land - Othello.   Othello's only flaw is jealousy, and Iago exploits this to no end, using him to get what he wants.   Iago's talent to manipulate the truth and control other people with his lies is what gives this play momentum.   More than any other characteristic, Iago preys on those who are emotionally unsure of their desires.   Iago manages to find ways of altering these characters' perceptions of reality, forcing them to believe in the dark world that Iago has created for them.   The main emotions that Iago bends and twists are those of love... ... Castlerock Entertainment, 1995.    Shakespeare, William. The Tradegy of Othello, The Moor of Venice. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, sixth edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York: Harper Collins, 1995.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. "The Engaging Qualities of Othello." Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957   

Hrm and Employment Relationships

HRM and Employment Relationships Employment Relationship Employment Relationship can economical, social and political relationship in which employees provide manual and mental labour in exchange for reward from employers (Gospel and Palmer 1993) There are 4 Dimensions within the employment relationship * Economic exchange – Wage-effort bargain * Socio-political – Power * Legal/Contractual * Psychological contract/social exchange Contract of employment is formed when an offer of employment is made and accepted There are 3 ‘types’ of contract in the employment relationship (Schein 1980): 1. Formal – Economic and legal; 2. Informal – Reflecting the social norms in the workplace (the organisational ‘culture’) and those in wider society about how people should treat each other (‘Natural justice’); 3. Psychologrcal (implicit ‘contract’ made up of unspoken expectations and obligations). The Psychological Contract of Employment A set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and the organisation’ (Schein 1977) Positive psychological contract through particular configurations of HR policies and practices * Behavioural and performance outcomes such as job satisfaction, employee commitment, motivation and lowered intention to quit. The Explicit Contract of employment An agreement between two parties enforceable by law†¦ a contract of service and comes into being when an employee agrees to work for an employer in return for pay’ (ACAS) * Accumulation of rights and responsibilities for both parties * The terms of a contract can be: * Express (explicitly agreed between the parties, either in writing or orally) * Implied (not explicitly agreed but which would be taken by the parties to form part of the contract Control VS Commitment With the evolution of people management there is now more of a focus on control. The logic of control Direct control * Low trust employment relationship * Strict supervision and task specification * Subordination of labour to capital. Responsible autonomy High trust commitment relationships A degree of worker discretions and responsibility Edwards (1979) developed this analysis by identifying two ‘structural’ strategies for control: Technical control -built into machinery and technology (Fordist) Bureaucratic control -Control via internal labour markets, career structures and the position of individuals relative to one another with regard to job security, status and ‘rank’. Social control Conformity and compliance with a set of formal or informal rules Internalisation of norms and values of a group Handy (1976), referring to organisations in their broadest possible sense (not only work organisations), identifies three types of psychological contract: Coercive * Contract is not entered into freely (e. . prisons) * Majority dominated by minority who exercise control by rule/punishment * Emphasis on conformity. Calculative * Contract is entered into freely but control is maintained by management * Power is expressed in terms of their ability to give desired rewards to the individual. Co-operative * Individual tends to identify with the goals of the organisation and strive for their attainment through individual effort. * Effort is based on the degree the individual has input in the company's goals. Commitment is closely associated with motivation, but whereas motivation is focused mainly on the individual, commitment is more strongly associated with the individual’s attachment to, and identification with, the work organisation and the organisation’s goals’ (Blyton ; Jenkins 2008; 139) Employee commitment and association with the aims and values of the firm are the mediating link between HR policies and practices and enhanced individual and organisational performance Relationship reflects form of ‘labour’ involved and that can be ‘bought’ in this exchange: * Physical * Mental (‘thinking’) * Emotional (‘the act of expressing organisationally-desired emotions during service transactions’: Morris ; Feldman 1996; 987) * Aesthetic (‘looking good’ or ‘sounding right’: Nickson et al. 2003).

Animal Farm, 1984 Essay - 605 Words

Animal farm and 1984 Napoleon, the leader of all the animals of the Rebellion, can be compared and contrasted with Big Brother, the leader of all the people of 1984. Both Big Brother and Napoleon show the qualities of a cruel ruler. Similar to Big Brother, Napoleon is a secretive plotter who works behind the scenes rather than openly. However, unlike Napoleon, Big Brother periodically appears on the television screen. Napoleon and Big Brother both work continually to weaken their rivals, whether it is by removing Snowball or eliminate Rutherford. Both place importance on complicated ceremonies and parades to prevent their workers from thinking about their schemes. Napoleon’s control over animal farm is not as powerful as Big Brothers†¦show more content†¦At the end, one is presumably vaporized. The characters in Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four have similar and distinct characteristics, which put towards in the growth of theme. Big Brother and Napolean, unrelenting and sly, established a totalitarian group. Winston and Boxer are true followers of their leaders, they always thing the leader is right. All together these two books share many features, George Orwell is trying to show Totalitarianism/Animalism and fascism. He has set the two stories very well in the way he has compared and contrasted the characters to show different points of political aspects. Short Summary of Animal Farm Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution, it is based on certain aspects of the Revolution. For example, revolting the government, all of the animals on the farm group together to overthrow their cruel owner because they believe they are not being treated as well as they should be. When the animals come into power after overthrowing their master the pigs consider themselves to be the dictators on the farm, snowball one of the pigs starts to plan building a windmill to give power to the farm but Napoleon is not happy that snowball is leading the animals in thought, so he starts blaspheming him, the animals are agreeing for Snowballs idea but now Napoleon is outraged. Napoleon lets out a high pitch squeal and out of nowhere a pack of dogs he raised from puppies ran after Snowball and chased him intoShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm And 19841948 Words   |  8 Pagesuse of symbolism, metaphors, and allusions to help develop the ideals of totalitarian governments a nd their effects on society in his novels Animal Farm and 1984. Orwell uses symbolism to show various aspects of totalitarian governments in Animal Farm. The animal farm, or manor farm, is the plantation in which the animals all live and work on. Manor farm symbolizes various Human societies such as capitalists, socialists, and communists. Orwell uses this to show that there are multiple parties withinRead MoreAnimal Farm And 19841457 Words   |  6 Pagesthese books were Nineteen - Eighty -Four and Animal Farm, which were his works that most obviously portrayed his disfavor for totalitarian governments. Totalitarian governments are controlled by political authorities who have control of all aspects of society. Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are two different books that have different ways of expressing the same theme. For example, Animal Farm is constructed on a farm and the characters are animals and Nineteen - Eighty - Four is set in a societyRead MoreOrwell s 1984 And Animal Farm1243 Words   |  5 PagesHopelessness in 1984 and An imal Farm Hopelessness is a very strong quality present in 1984 and Animal Farm both by George Orwell. Animal Farm is a very literal allegory to the Russian revolution and warns about the dangers of a communist society. It reflects that hope can quickly be lost and people or animals can quickly become what they once fought to be free and independent from. 1984 follows a man named Winston who comes to rebel against his society but in the end is shown how futile his effortsRead MoreGeorge Orwell and Animal Farm and 19841008 Words   |  5 Pages George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 nbsp; George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumbers children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or youngerRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 And Animal Farm1994 Words   |  8 Pages George Orwell’s 1984 and Animal Farm share a very important theme and common elements that shape the idea of an Orwellian society. Orwellian is widely described as a society in which the liberties of all are diminished due to powerful rule. Orwell conveys the theme of â€Å"Many believe that man’s actions result from his free will, the presentation/perception of what is fact, remains dominant over society s actions.† through parallel elements of rep ression of information, fear propaganda, and languageRead MoreAnimal Farm And 1984, By George Orwell1936 Words   |  8 Pagesoppressive powers, such novels include Animal Farm and 1984. He wrote Animal Farm in 1944-1945 at the tail end of the WWII, his inspiration came from the revolutions in Russia, the result of that was the USSR, which divulged the country into a totalitarian regime. This was accomplished by manipulating socialist ideas of equality among the working class to oppress its people and maintain power. This created the basis for Animal Farm where many of the animal characters have direct correlations to peopleRead MoreAnimal Farm And 1984 George Orwell Analysis889 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell used the theme of betrayal to show how the society in both â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"1984† controls the people. Both books have a totalitarian government controlling everyone but in 1984 the government has people betray each other to gain power. People do as they’re told and lose the relationships such as family, friends, or intimate relationships, all of which they would have in a normal society. The government does this so each individual becomes alienated from each other and feels likeRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And Animal Farm1983 Words   |  8 PagesGeorge Orwell’s 1984 and Animal Farm shares a fundamental theme and common elements that shape the idea of an Orwellian society. Orwellian is widely described as a society in which the liberties of all are diminished due to authoritarian rule. Orwell conveys the theme of â€Å"Many believe that man’s actions result from his free will, the presentation/perception of what is fact, remains dominant over society s actions.† through parallel elements of repression of information, fear propaganda, and languageRead MoreAnimal Farm, 1984 and John F. Kennedy503 Words   |  2 Pageswant, therefore you impede your own growth. Throughout Animal Farm and 1984 bo th by George Orwell, this is seen by the use of motifs, characterization and symbolism. In Animal Farm, George Orwell uses motifs and characterization to demonstrate how conformity can take ones freedom away and stop them from expressing their own ideas. The â€Å"Beasts of England† song is a great example of a motif that’s supports John F. Kennedy’s quote. In Animal Farm, this song and many other songs/slogans act as propagandaRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 And Animal Farm 1401 Words   |  6 PagesTitle/Author: 1984/ George Orwell Date of Publication/Genre: 1949/ Dystopian Fiction Biographical information about the author: George Orwell, who was originally Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 in British India. His two greatest novels include 1984 and Animal Farm. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelist of the 20th century. Historical information on the period of publication: During this period, the United Kingdom recognized the republic of Ireland. The United States claimed Israel as